SALUD


Frijoles

Para un corazón saludable: A diferencia de las proteínas que provienen de la carne, las proteínas del frijol son naturalmente bajas en grasa, están libres de grasa saturada y “trans-fats”. Son una fuente de proteína libre de colesterol. Hay investigación que muestra que una dieta que incluye frijoles reduce el riesgo de enfermedades del corazón. Ver Bibliografía mas abajo.

Los frijoles reducen el riesgo de algunos tipos de cáncer: Los frijoles son una fuente natural de antioxidantes y fitoquímicos. Hay investigación que demuestra que una dieta que incluye frijoles puede reducir el riesgo de algunos tipos de cáncer. Ver Bibliografía mas abajo.

Los frijoles para administrar el azúcar de la sangre: Los frijoles ayudan a mantener un indice de glucosa bajo en la sangre y contienen carbohidratos complejos que se digieren lentamente. Por esta razón, los frijoles son una buena elección para personas que necesitan administrar el azúcar en su sangre. Ver Bibliografía mas abajo.

Los frijoles para energía y vitalidad: Los frijoles son una comida rica en nutrientes, contienen proteínas, carbohidratos complejos, fibra, antioxidantes e importantes vitaminas y minerales; tal como acido fólico, manganeso, potasio, hierro, fósforo, cobre y magnesio. Sus proteínas, bajas en grasa, mantienen y promueven la musculatura mientras que los carbohidratos complejos mantienen y son una fuente de energía. Ver Bibliografía mas abajo.

Los frijoles para administrar el peso: Los frijoles al ser naturalmente bajos en grasa, son una excelente fuente de fibra y una buena fuente de proteína. La investigación muestra que la gente que consume mas fibra tiende a tener menos peso corporal. Así mismo, la fibra te ayuda a sentirte satisfecho y promueve la creación de músculos. FDA: Beneficios de la fibra

Los frijoles para el embarazo y salud de los bebes: Los frijoles naturalmente tienen acido fólico. El acido fólico es una vitamina muy importante para mujeres embarazadas; ellas lo necesitan. El acido fólico es importante en ayudar a reducir defectos de nacimiento.

Los frijoles para personas con alergias o intolerancias: Los frijoles son especialmente importante para gente con ciertos tipos de alergias e intolerancias alimentarias. Por ejemplo: Algunas personas no toleran el gluten, una proteína naturalmente presente en el trigo y otros granos. Dado que los frijoles no contienen gluten u otros elementos que producen alergias comúnmente (nueces por ejemplo), es posible consumir frijoles en vez de estos otros alimentos y obtener la nutrición necesaria.


BIBLIOGRAFIA

Bibliografía relevante frijoles para un corazón saludable:

• Ajani UA, Ford ES, Mokdad AH.
  Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data.
  Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134:1181-1185.

• Anderson JW.
  Dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate and coronary artery disease.
  1995;11(suppl G): 55G-61G.

• Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ.
  Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat and bean products.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988; 48:749-753.

• Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ, Spencer DB, Tietyen J, et al.
  Serum lipid response of hypercholesterolemic men to single and divided doses of canned beans.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;51:1013-1019.

• Anderson JW, Hanna TJ.
  Impact of nondigestible carbohydrates on serum lipoproteins and risk for cardiovascular disease.
  Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129:1457S-1466S.

• Anderson JW, Major AW.
  Pulses and lipaemia, short- and long-term effect: potential in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
  British Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;88(Suppl 3):S263-S271.

• Anderson JW, Smith BM, Washnock CS.
  Cardiovascular and renal benefits of dry bean and soybean intake.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70(suppl): 464S-474S.

• Anderson JW, Story L, Sieling B, Chen WL, et al.
  Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat-bran or bean intake for hypercholesterolemic men.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984;40:1146-1155.

• Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, et al.
  Legume consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.
  Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001;161:2573-2578.

• Bourdon I, Olson B, Backus R, Richter BD, et al.
  Beans, as a source of dietary fiber, increase cholecystokinin and apolipoprotein B48 response to test meals in men.
  Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1485-1490.

• Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Das UN, et al.
  Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in healthy adults : The Attica study.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004;44(1):152-158.

• Cobiac L, McArthur R, Nestel PJ.
  Can eating baked beans lower plasma cholesterol?
  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;44:819-822.

• Contaldo F, Di Biase G, Giacco A, Pacioni D, et al.
  Evaluation of the hypocholesterolemic effect of vegetable proteins.
  Preventive Medicine. 1983;12:138-143.

• Costa NM, Walker AF, Low AG.
  The effect of graded inclusion of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on plasma and liver lipids in hypercholesterolaemic pigs given a Western-type diet.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1993; 70(2): 515-24.

• Costa NMB, Low AG, Walker AF, Own RW et al.
  Effect of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on steroid metabolism and non-starch polysaccharide output of hypercholesterolaemic pigs with or without an ileo-rectal anastomosis.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1994;71:871-886.

• Costa NMB, Walker AF, Low AG.
  The effect of graded inclusion of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on plasma and liver lipids in hypercholesterolaemic pigs given a Western-type diet.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1993;70:515-524.

• Dabai FD, Walker AF, Sambrook IE, Welch VA et al.
  Comparative effects on blood lipids and faecal steroids of five legume species incorporated into a semi-purified, hypercholesterolaemic rat diet.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1996;75:557-571.

• Drumm TD, Gray JI, Hosfield GL.
  Variability in the major lipid components of four market classes of dry edible beans.
  Journal of Science and Food Agriculture. 1990;50:485-497.

• El-Saadany SS, El-Massry RA, Labib SM, Sitohy MZ.
  The biochemical role and hypocholesterolaemic potential of the legume Cassia fistula in hypercholesterolaemic rats.
  Die Nahrung. 1991;35(8):807-815.

• Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, et al.
  Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome.
  Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004;292(12):1440-1446.

• Fernandez AL, Marzo F, Roman J, Diaz M, Santidrian S.
  Cholesterol lowering effect of legumes.
  Rev Med Univ Navarra. 1995;39(4):25-33.

• Fukushima M, Ohashi T, Kojima M, Ohba K, Shimizu H, Sonoyama K, Nakano M.
  Low density lipoprotein receptor mRNA in rat liver is affected by resistant starch of beans.
  Lipids. 2001;36(2):129-34.

• Han KH, Fukushima M, Kato T, Kojima M, et al.
  Enzyme-resistant fractions of beans lowered serum cholesterol and increased sterol excretions and hepatic mRNA levels in rats.
  Lipids. 2003;38(9): 919-924.

• Han KH, Fukushima M, Shimizu K, Kojima M, et al.
  Resistant starches of beans reduce the serum cholesterol concentration in rats.
  Journal of Nutrition Science and Vitaminology. 2003;49:281-286.

• Han KH, Sekikawa M, Shimada K, Sasaki K, Ohba K, Fukushima M.
  Resistant starch fraction prepared from kintoki bean affects gene expression of genes associated with cholesterol metabolism in rats.
  Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004; 229(8): 787-92.

• Henningsson AM, Nyman EM, Bjorck IM.
  Content of short-chain fatty acids in the hind gut of rats fed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flours varying in distribution and content of indigestible carbohydrates.
  Br J Nutr. 2001;86(3):379-89.

• Hu FB, Willett WC.
  Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease.
  Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;288:2569-2578.

• Jang Y, Lee JH, Kim OY, Park HY, et al.
  Consumption of whole grain and legume powder reduces insulin demad, lipid peroxidation, and plasma homocysteine concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease.
  Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001;21:2065-2071.

• Jenkins DJA.
  Optimal diet for reducing the risk of arteriosclerosis.
  Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1995;11(suppl G): 118G-122G.

• Jenkins DJA, Wong GS, Patten R, Bird J.
  Leguminous seeds in the dietary management of hyperlipidemia.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983;38:567-573.

• Joshi LD, Singhal PC, Gupta RK, Singh JB.
  Cholesterolaemic action of Vigna sinensis (cowpea).
  Indian Heart Journal. 1984;36(1):44-45.

• Kabagambe EK, Baylin A, Ruiz-Narvarez E, et al.
  Decreased consumption of dried mature beans is positively association with urbanization and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction.
  Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:1770-1775.

• Kahlon TS, Woodruff CL.
  In vitro binding of bile acids by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten.
  Food Chemistry. 2002;79(4):425-429.

• Kingman SM, Walker AF, Low AG, Sambrook IE.
  Comparative effects of four legume species on plasma lipids and feacel steroid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic pigs.
  British Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;69:409-421.

• Klevay LM.
  Copper in legumes may lower heart disease risk.
  Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002;162:1780.

• Kok FJ, Kromhout D.
  Atherosclerosis-epidemiological studies on the health effects of a Mediterranean diet.
  European Journal of Nutrition. 2004;43(Suppl 1):2-5.

• Ludwig D, Pereira M, Kroenke C, Hilner J et al.
  Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults.
  Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282:1539-1546.

• Luyken R, Pikaar NA, et al.
  The influence of legumes on serum cholesterol level.
  Voeding. 1962;447-453.

• Mackay S, Ball MJ.
  Do beans and oat bran add to the effectiveness of a low-fat diet?
  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992;46:641-648.

• Marzolo MP, Amigo L, Nervi F.
  Hepatic production of very low density lipoprotein, catabolism of low density lipoprotein, biliary lipid secretion, and bile salt synthesis in rats fed a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) diet.
  J Lipid Res. 1993;34(5):807-14.

• Mayilvaganan M, Singh SP, Johari RP.
  Hypocholesterolemic effect of protein prepared from Phaseolus aconitifolius (Jacq.).
  Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42(9):904-8.

• Nervi F, Covarrubias C, Bravo P, Velasco N, et al.
  Influence of legume intake on biliary lipids and cholesterol saturation in young Chilean men: identification of a dietary risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation in a highly prevalent area.
  Gastroenterology. 1989;96:825-830.

• Pereira MA, O’Reilly E, Augustsson K, Fraser GE et al.
  Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease.
  Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(4):370-376.

• Pusztai A, Grant G, Buchan WC, Bardocz S, de Carvalho AF, Ewen SW.
  Lipid accumulation in obese Zucker rats is reduced by inclusion of raw kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the diet.
  Br J Nutr. 1998;79(2):213-21.

• Rosa Co, Costa NM, Leal PF, Oliveira TT.
  The cholesterol-lowering effect of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) without hulls in hypercholesterolemic rats.
  Archives of Latino American Nutrition. 1998;48(4):299-305. [Portuguese]

• Rosa CO, Costa NM, Numes RM, Leal PF.
  The cholesterol-lowering effect of black, carioquinha and red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in hypercholesterolemic rats.
  Archives of Latino American Nutrition. 1998;48(4):306-310. [Portuguese]

• Shutler SM, Bircher GM, Tredger JA, Morgan LM, et al.
  The effect of daily baked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) consumption on the plasma lipid levels of young, normo-cholesterolaemic men.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1989;61:257-265.
• Singh RB, Dubnov G, Niaz MA, Ghosh S et al.
  Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients.
  The Lancet. 2002;360:1455-1461.

• Srivastava A, Joshi LD.
  Effect of feeding black gram (Phaseolus mungo) on serum lipids of normal & diabetic guinea pigs.
  Indian Journal of Medicine and Research. 1990;92:383-386.

Bibliografía relevante a los frijoles reducen el riesgo de algunos tipos de cáncer:

• Ribeiro JR, Salvadori DMF.
  Dietary components may prevent mutation-related diseases in humans.
  Mutation Research. 2003;544:195-201.

• Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, et al.
  Cancer and Mediterranean dietary traditions.
  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 9: 869-873.

• Correa P.
  Epidemiological correlations between diet and cancer frequency.
  Cancer Research. 1981;41:3685-3690.
• Glade MJ.
  Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective.
  Sponsored by the American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Nutrition. 1999;15(6):523-526.
• Riboli E, Norat T.
  Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruits and vegetables on cancer risk.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78(Suppl):559S-569S.
• Steinmetz KA, Potter JD.
  Vegetables, fruit and cancer.
  Epidemiology. 1991;2(5):325-357.

• DigestiveFernandes AO, Banerji AP.
  Inhibition of benzopyrene-induced forestomach tumors by field bean protease inhibitor(s).
  Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(8):1843-6.

• Fleming SE, O’Donnell AU, Perman JA.
  Influence of frequent and long-term bean consumption on colonic function and fermentation.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985;41:909-918.

• Fleming SE, Fitch MD, Chansler MW.
  High-fiber diets: influence on characteristics of cecal digest including short-chain fatty acid concentrations and pH.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989;50:93-99.

• Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, et al.
  Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women.
  The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;340(3):169-176.

• Hangen L, Benninck MR.
  Consumption of black beans and navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) reduced azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats.
  Nutrition and Cancer. 2002;44(1):60-65.

• Hu J, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhao T, et al.
  Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China.
  International Journal of Epidemiology. 1991;20(2):362-367.

• Hughes JS, Ganthavorn C, Wilson-Sanders S.
  Dry beans inhibit azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats.
  Journal of Nutrition. 1997;127:2328-2333.

• Key FB, McClean D, et al.
  Tissue hypertrophy and epithelial proliferation rate in the gut of rats fed on bread and haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1996;76:273-286.

• Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, et al.
  Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk.
  Epidemiology. 1997;8(6):658-665.

• McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ et al.
  A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and colon cancer risk.
  Cancer Causes and Control. 2003;14:959-970.

• Michels KB, Giovannucci E, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, et al.
  Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of colon and rectal cancers.
  Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000;92(21):1740-1752.

• Potter JD, McMichael AJ.
  Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study.
  Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986;76(4):557-569.

• Prabhu KS, Saldanha K, Pattabiranam TN.
  Natural plant enzyme inhibitors: a comparative study of the action of legume inhibitors on human and bovine pancreatic proteinases.
  J Sci Food Agric. 1984;35(3):314-21.

• Risch HA, Jain M, Choi NW, Fodor JG et al.
  Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach.
  American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985;122(6):947-959.

• Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, Lance P et al.
  Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas.
  The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342:1149-1155.

• Singh PN, Fraser GE.
  Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population.
  American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998;148(8):761-774.

• Slattery ML, Curtin KP, Edwards SL, Schaffer DM.
  Plant foods, fiber and rectal cancer.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;79:274-281.

• Steinmetz KA, Potter JD.
  Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study. I. Vegetables and Fruit.
  International Journal of Cancer. 1993;53:711-719.

• Takezaki T, Gao C-M, et al.
  Dietary protective and risk factors for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area for stomach cancer in Jiangsu Province, China: Comparison with those in a high-epidemic area.
  Jpn J Cancer Res. 2001;92:1157-1165.

• Takezaki T, Gao CM, et al.
  Comparative study of lifestyles of residents in high and low risk areas for gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China: With special reference to allium vegetables.
  Journal of Epidemiology. 1999; 9: 297-305.

• Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, et al.
  Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer.
  Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001;93(7):525-533.

• Tsubono Y, Kobayashi M, Tsugane S.
  Food consumption and gastric cancer mortality in five regions of Japan.
  Nutrition and Cancer. 1997;27(1):60-64

• Prostate cancerKolonel LN, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS, et al.
  Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: A multiethnic case-control study.
  Cancer Epidemiology and Biomarkers of Prevention. 2000;9:795-804.

• Female reproductive cancersTerry P, Vainio H, et al.
  Dietary factors in relation to endometrial cancer: A nationwide case-control study in Sweden.
  Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 42:25-32.

• Fadden K, Hill MJ, Owen RW.
  Effect of fibre on bile acid metabolism by human faecal bacteria in batch and continuous culture.
  European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 1997; 6(2): 175-94.

• Fraser GE.
  Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70(suppl):532S-538S.

• Axevedo L, Gomes JC, Stringheta PC, Gontijo AM, Padovani CR, Ribeiro LR, Salvadori DM.
  Black Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a protective agent against DNA damage in mice.
  Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41(12):1671-6.

• Beninger CW, Hosfield GL.
  Antioxidant activity of extracts, condensed tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids from Phaseolus vulgaris seed coat color genotypes.
  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;51(26):7879-7883.

• Bloch A, Thomson CA.
  Position of the American Dietetic Association: Phytochemicals and functional foods.
  Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995;95(4):493-496.

• Cardador-Martínez A, Loarca-Piña G, Oomah BD.
  Antioxidant activity in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50:6975-6980

• Chang Q, Wong Y.
  Identification of flavonoids in hakmeitau beans (Vigna sinensis) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS).
  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52:6694-6699.

• Choung MG, Choi BR, An YN, Chu, YH, Cho YS.
  Anthocyanin profile of Korean cultivated kindney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
  Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2003;51(24):7040-7043.

• Duh PD, Yen WJ, Du PC, Yen Gc.
  Antioxidant activity of mung bean hull.
  J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1997;74:1059-1063.

• Duh PD, Du PC, Yen GC.
  Action of methanolic extract of mung bean hulls as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and non-lipid oxidative damage.
  Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37:1055-1061.

• Han KH, Fukushima M, Ohba K, Shimada K, Sekikawa M, Chiji H, Lee CH, Nakano M.
  Hepatoprotective effects of the water extract from adzuki bean hulls on acetaminophen-induced damage in rat liver.
  J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004; 50(5): 380-3.

• Jiratanan T, Liu RH.
  Antioxidant activity of processed table beets (Beta vulgaris var, conditiva) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
  J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(9):2659-70.

• Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, Coval SM, et al.
  Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
  American Journal of Medicine. 2002;113 (Suppl 9B):71S-88S.

• Lida T, Yoshiki Y, Kawane M, Okubo K.
  Reactive oxygen-scavenging compound isolated from adzuki beans. In Phytochemicals and Phytopharmaceuticals.
  Shahidi F, Ho CH (Eds). AOCS Press: Champaign IL, 2002, pp 261-70.

• Tsunda T, Osawa T, Nakayama T, Kawakishi S, Ohshima K.
  Antioxidant activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract.
  J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1993;70:909-13.

• Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Liu GC, Williams RA, Starich GH, Mazzaferri EL, Reaven GM.
  Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to test meals in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(5):965-70.

• Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Jenkins AL, Thorne MJ et al.
  The glycaemic index of foods tested in diabetic patients: a new basis for carbohydrate exchange favouring the use of legumes.
  Diabetologia. 1983;24:257-264.

• Knott RM, Grant G, Bardocz S, Pusztai A, de Carvalho AF, Hesketh JE.
  Alterations in the level of insulin receptor GLUT-4 mRNA in skeletal muscle from rats fed a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) diet.
  Int J Biochem. 1992 ;24(6) :897-902.

• Pari L, Venkateswaran S.
  Protective role of Phaseolus vulgaris on changes in the fatty acid composition in experimental diabetes.
  Journal Med Foods. 2004;7(2):204-209.

• Pari L, Venkateswaran S.
  Effect of an aqueous extract of Phaseolus vulgaris on plasma insulin and hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in experimental diabetes.
  Pharmazie. 2003;58(12):916-9.

• Rizkalla SW, Bellisle F, Slama G.
  Health benefits of low glycaemic index foods, such as pulses, in diabetic patients and healthy individuals.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 2002;88(Suppl 3):S255-S262.

• Simpson HCR, Lousley S, Geekie M, Simpson RW, Carter RD, Hockaday TDR, Mann JI.
  A high carbohydrate leguminous fibre diet improves all aspects of diabetic control.
  The Lancet. 1981;1-5.

• Venkateswaran S, Pari A, Saravanan G.
  Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris on circulatory antioxidants and lipids in rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
  Journal of Medicinal Food. 2002;5(2):97-103.

• Venkateswaran S, Pari L.
  Antioxidant effect of Phaseolus vulgaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
  Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):206-9.

• Venn BJ, Mann JI.
  Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2004;58:1443-1461.

• Carbohydrates & Glycemic IAlonso R, Santidrian S, Marzo F.
  Effect of feeding extruded kidney bean diets on in vivo intestinal absorption of D-glucose.
  J Physiol Biochem. 1998;54(4):241-2.

• Araya H, Pak N, Vera G, Alviña M.
  Digestion rate of legume carbohydrates and glycemic index of legume-based meals.
  International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003;54:119-126.

• Englyst HN, Cummings JH.
  Non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber) and resistant starch.
  Advanced Experimental Medical Biology. 1990;270:205-225.

• Englyst HN, Veenstra J, Hudson GJ.
  Measurement of rapidly available glucose (RAG) in plant foods: a potential in vitro predictor of the glycaemic response.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1996;75(3):327-337.

• Guillon F, Champ MM.
  Carbohydrate fractions of legumes: uses in human nutrition and potential for health.
  British Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;88(Suppl 3):S293-S306.

• Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Taylor RM, Barker HM, Fielden H.
  Exceptionally low blood glucose response to dried beans: comparison with other carbohydrate foods.
  British Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1980;281:578-580.

• Latymer EA, Low AG, Fadden K, Sambrook IE, et al.
  Measurement of transit time of digesta through sections of gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed with diets containing sources of dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharides).
  Arch Tierernahr. 1990;40(8):667-680.

• Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Wright J, Marks V.
  The effect of soluble- and insoluble-fibre summplementation on post-prandial glucose tolerance, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in healthy subjects.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 1990; 64(1): 103-10.

• Noah L, Guillon F, Bouchet B, Beléon A.
  Digestion of carbohydrate from white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in healthy humans.
  Journal of Nutrition. 1998;128:977-985.

• Panlasigui LN, Panlilio LM, Madrid JC.
  Glycaemic response in normal subjects to five different legumes commonly used in the Phillipines.
  Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1995;46(2):155-60.

• Sayago-Ayerdi SG, Tovar J, Osorio-Diaz P, Paredes-Lopez O, Bello-Perez LA.
  In vitro starch digestibility and predicted glycemic index of corn tortilla, black beans, and tortilla-bean mixture: effect of cold storage.
  J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(4):1281-5.

• Silvester KR, Englyst HN, Cummings JH.
  Ileal recovery of starch from whole diets containing resistant starch measured in vitro and fermentation of ileal effluent.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;62(2):403-411.

• Thompson LU, Button CH, Jenkins DJA.
  Phytic acid and calcium affect the in vitro rate of navy bean starch digestion and blood glucose response in humans.
  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987;46:467-473.

• Tormo MA, Gil-Exojo I, Romero de Tejada A, Campillo JE.
  Hypoglycaemic and anorexigenic activities of an alpha-amylase inhibitor from white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Wistar rats.
  British Journal of Nutrition. 2004;92(5):785-790.

• Tovar J, Granfeldt Y, Björck IM.
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